Jan
25
Oxford’s classification of Language Learning Strategies
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In view of Oxford there is no taxonomy or classification system, the researcher prefers to use the word ‘system’ since it “implies a clear set of hierarchical relationships” (Oxford 1990: 239) and terms it a New System Of Language Learning Strategies. She claims that her system is more comprehensible, detailed and more systematic in “linking individual strategies, as well as strategy groups, with each of the four language skills. Oxford divides language learning strategies into two main classes: direct and indirect, further subdivided into six groups:
- memory – help students store and retrieve information;
- cognitive –enable learners to understand and produce new language by many different means;
- compensation –allow learners to use the language despite their often large gaps in knowledge;
- meta-cognitive – allow learners to control their own cognition;
- affective –help to regulate emotions, motivations and attitudes;
- social strategies – involve learning by interaction with others
which are subdivided into a total of 19 strategy sets and the whole strategy system incorporates 62 strategies.
Direct strategies directly involve the target language such as reviewing and practicing:
Memory Strategies.
- Creating mental linkages.
- Applying images and sounds.
- Reviewing well.
- Employing action.
Cognitive Strategies.
- Practicing
- Receiving and sending messages strategies.
- Analyzing and reasoning.
- Creating structure for input and output.
Compensation strategies.
- Guessing intelligently.
- Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing.
Indirect strategies provide indirect support for language learning such as planning, co-operating and seeking opportunities:
Meta-cognitive Strategies
- Centering your learning.
- Arranging and planning your learning.
- Evaluating your learning.
Affective Strategies.
- Lowering your anxiety.
- Encouraging yourself.
- Taking your emotional temperature.
Social Strategies.
- Asking questions.
- Cooperating with others.
- Empathizing with others
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